Obbie Hadrian

The first study explores the evolution and historical adoption of Port Automation, also its benefits and challenges in recent years to infer the general directions of port automation. The center of this exploration is whether the advantages of early adoption outweigh the risks of high upfront investment and workforce transition, especially in comparison to continuing business as usual until the automation cost reduced to negligible amount. The next couple of studies will consist of case studies in European ports to investigate their readiness to be automated. Then the compilation of studies will be aggregated a framework for automation rollout in ports.